Imagery in the Old English Poem Beowulf Essay - 3689 Words

Popular Imagery in the Old English Poem Beowulf Some popular elements of imagery in Beowulf are the mead-hall, the sea, swords, armor including shields. Let us discuss these items and, where applicable, the archaeological support for them. Remaining true to the Anglo-Saxon culture’s affinity for mead (ale/beer/wine), the characters of Beowulf partake frequently of the strong beverage. And the mead hall was their home away from home, with more entertainments than just fermented beverages: â€Å"gold and treasure at huge feasts †¦ the words of the poet, the sounds of the harp.† Needless to say, with â€Å"the world’s greatest mead-hall †¦ Hrothgar’s people lived in joy.† â€Å"after a mead party the Danes †¦ knew no sorrows.† When†¦show more content†¦That was †¦ the greatest of sorrows.† Wiglaf, in censuring the ten who deserted their chief, said, â€Å"At the ale-bench he often gave you †¦ helmets and armor.† In this classic poem, can there be anything more vital or essential to joyful living, or to conducting business, than the mead-hall? T. A. Shippey in â€Å"The World of the Poem† (45) says: Some objects in fact reach â€Å"mythic† status – most obviously halls. What the poet thinks about these can be derived most immediately from his run of twenty to thirty compound words for describing them. Halls are for drinking in winehall, beerhall, meadhall; they are filled with people in guesthall, retainer hall; in them worth is recognized in goldhall, gifthall, ringhall. They are also the typical, though not only, setting for festivity and poetry. â€Å"The only archaeological evidence of what Heroic Age royal halls in England were like, comes from the Yeavering in Glendale in present-day Northumberland, where the site of one of the royal townships of the English kings of Northumbria has been identified and investigated† (Arnold 91). The location corresponds to Bernicia, the northernmost Anglo-Saxon kingdom. There archaeologists have uncovered evidence of a complex of seven large structures surrounded by eleven smaller ones - the royal villa mentioned by Bede of a seventh century English king (Cramp 132). Each of four of the halls areShow MoreRelatedThe Anglo-Saxon Sonnet: Rewriting Shakespeare’s Sonnet 1301609 Words   |  7 PagesThe Anglo-Saxon Sonnet: Rewriting a Shakespeare’s Sonnet â€Å"130† Through the Eyes of the Author of Beowulf My woman’s sight-seers shine like the sun; Her kiss-givers grant a great fiery glow; Her bone-house is a rare beast made to stun; The hairs on her head hang as soft as snow. Like a pollen-producer gleams garnet, Her cheeks blush, blinding any early man; Unlike a slimy serpent’s foul sweat, Her scent smells of fresh gold, or better than. Her voice flows like the whale-road, that I’mRead MoreTheme Of Heroism In Beowulf1139 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"Beowulf† is the oldest surviving poem in Old English Literature. It is an epic poem, which is a narrative poem typically revolving around heroism. The poem emphasizes repetitively on how Beowulf is a hero. He saves countless people from countless monsters, three of which are the main antagonists in the poem – a demon, the demon’s mother, and a dragon. But is saving innocent lives the only factor to justify and determine a person’s heroism? Throughout the story of Beowulf, the author makes appealsRead MoreBeowulf Literary Analysis Essay869 Words   |  4 Pagesevents of Beowulf, an old Anglo-Saxon poem about a warrior who battles and destroys three horrifying monsters. Although written long ago, the emotions expressed within this work, emotions of bravery, valor, and ethics still speak to us centuries later. The anonymous author of the p oem convinces us through the masterful use of various literary elements that emphasize its meaning and message. Conflict, imagery and setting are three literary elements that contribute to the effectiveness of the poem. TheRead MoreJustice Vs Evil In Beowulf976 Words   |  4 Pages Introduction In the early century of the Anglo-Saxon period, Beowulf is a precious ancient Poem that vividly illustrates scenes that the Christian Gods religion influences the Germanic Society, and the Christian religion converts the Pagans belief people into Christian belief. In the Poem, justice versus evil refers to light versus dark; the justice mind hero Beowulf always win battles with evil mind monsters because the Almighty God judges the justice stands with victor, and judgesRead MoreExodus : A Culturally Blended Anglo Saxon Britain1398 Words   |  6 PagesBrenna Hubschman Professor Jones English 4513 24 September 2017 â€Å"Exodus† in a Culturally Blended, Anglo Saxon Britain The Old English poem â€Å"Exodus† exemplifies the complex mixture of influencing forces within Anglo Saxon culture at the time of its writing. As discussed in class, sixth and seventh century (the time leading up to the creation of â€Å"Exodus†) Britain were periods of increased Christian missionary work. It is important to note, however, that while Christian missionaries began to greatlyRead MoreEssay A Jungian Reading of Beowulf1622 Words   |  7 PagesA Jungian Reading of Beowulf       This essay will propose an alternative means by which to examine the distinctive fusion of historical, mythological, and poetic elements that make up the whole of Beowulf.   Jeffrey Helterman, in a 1968 essay, â€Å"Beowulf: The Archetype Enters History,† first recognized Grendel as a representation of the Shadow archetype and identified Grendel’s mother as an archetypal Anima image; I wish to extend the scope of the reading by suggesting that the dragon, too, representsRead MoreAnalysis Of Shakespeare s Beowulf And The Evil 1555 Words   |  7 Pages The Good in Beowulf and the Evil in the Monsters Beowulf is considered to be the oldest surviving poem that is preserved to date. The poem is believed to date back to about the eighth century, and the written manuscript in the eleventh century (Bjork and Obermeir 17; Neidorf 119). Also, Beowulf is commonly believed to be set in Scandinavia before the migration to Britain, even though there are Anglo-Saxon and Scandinavian cultural influences that are apparent when reading the poems storyline (EarlRead MoreBeowulf Quote Discussion Essay980 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿Megan Lai English 10H DiSalvo 17th September, 2014 HCTA: Beowulf Theme: Wisdom is a more valuable weapon than physical strength. Quote 1: And that night Grendel came again, so set / On murder that no crime could ever be enough, / No savage assault quench his lust / For evil. Then each warrior tried / To escape him, searched for rest in different / Beds, as far from Herot as they could find, / Seeing how Grendel hunted when they slept. / Distance was safety; the only survivorsRead MoreLiterture Final Exam Notes1143 Words   |  5 PagesQuestions English 4 SELECTIONS FOR TESTING 1. Beowulf 2. â€Å"Sir Gawain and the Green Knight† 3. Canterbury Tales â€Å"Prologue† 4. â€Å"The Pardoner’s Tale† from CT 5. Sonnets 6. Elements of Style author’s names Terms (know by definition, characteristics or example). 1. Kenning: two-word poetic renamings of people, places, and things such as the kenning whales’ home for the sea ex from Beowulf: â€Å"I have come so far, / Oh shelterer of warriors andRead MoreAn Analysis Of Beowulf And The Cowardly Cave, And The Dragon s Lair 2031 Words   |  9 PagesAllie Dierschke Mrs. Saverance English 2322 10 December 2014 Nature of Characters in Themselves The outrageous characters in Beowulf have attracted an abundant amount of attention. The landscapes in which they live create the characters and make them complex. The location of the poem imitates the qualities which make them outrageous. To understand the prosperity of the characters it is beneficial to view the symbolic value of the setting and how the characters interact with one another throughout

Essay on Reading Comprehension - 1328 Words

Reading Comprehension In any interaction with a text, the text is pretty much useless unless the reader can comprehend the meaning of that text. Since narrative, expository, and poetic texts all have different reasons for being written, and different forms of presenting the text, different strategies are needed to comprehend these texts. There are also many reading strategies that can be used for all of these types of text. In order to describe strategies to help develop activities that facilitate comprehension of narrative, expository, and poetic texts one must first have an understanding of what comprehension means, they then need a better understanding of how the human brain works. â€Å"Comprehension is a creative, multifaceted†¦show more content†¦If there are no changes in long-term memory, nothing has been understood or learned.† (Sweller, 2005) The competent comprehender is a skilled reader. â€Å"Skilled readers are those who actively and automatically const ruct meaning as they read; they are self-motivated and self-directed; they monitor their own comprehension by questioning, reviewing, revising, and rereading to enhance their overall comprehension.† (Douglas Fisher, 2011) One other skill that is crucial to being a skilled reader and comprehending text is the fluency with which a student reads. Teaching fluency skills is a very important aspect of helping a student comprehend what they are reading. If a student is using all of the short term memory decoding words and sentence stucture, there is very little left to work on the process for gaining meaning from the text. The most common strategies used to improve fluency are; adding vocabulary to the students long-term memory, activating background knowledge (schema), modeling, and having the student read. So what are other strategies that can be used to help the non-skilled student comprehend what they are reading? â€Å"The most important comprehension strategies for struggling readers are activating background knowledge, determing importance, summarizing, questioning, visualizing and monitoring.† (Tompkins, 2010, p. 267) Background knowledge helps the student with both fluency and the understandingShow MoreRelatedReading Comprehension1136 Words   |  5 Pagesinterviewed and undergone tests to successfully determine the result of the study. Research Instruments The researcher formulated reading comprehension test that was utilized as a survey instrument. The test contains 45 questions based on the three short selections they have read. Procedure After acquiring the necessary permits to conduct the test regarding reading comprehension, it was administered by the researcher himself to the students and collected the answer sheets after completion. Then all dataRead MoreReading Comprehension Strategy Of Inferring Essay1493 Words   |  6 PagesMaking Inferences WHY: Purpose of Lesson: The purpose of this lesson is to introduce students to the reading comprehension strategy of inferring. The students will learn how to use textual evidence combined with their own background knowledge to make inferences about various aspects of a text including characters, setting, theme, and plot. Common Core State Standards: †¢ CCSS.ELA-LITERACY.RL.5.1: Quote accurately from a text when explaining what the text says explicitly and when drawing inferencesRead MoreTeaching Reading Comprehension And Comprehension1448 Words   |  6 PagesIn the late 1960s and 1970s, reading comprehension was taught by asking students various questions after reading a passage and noting their skills as to what they understood, how they followed directions and noted details. In 1978, Dolores Durkin observed a variety of teachers teaching reading instruction in both reading and social studies classrooms. She found that these teachers spent less than 1% of their time actually teaching children how to understand texts. Unfortunately over the yearsRead MoreTeaching Reading Comprehension6449 Words   |  26 PagesIntroduction What is reading? Reading is about understanding written texts. It is a complex activity that involves both perception and thought. Reading consists of two related processes: word recognition and comprehension. Word recognition refers to the process of perceiving how written symbols correspond to one’s spoken language. Comprehension is the process of making sense of words, sentences and connected text. Readers typically make use of background knowledge, vocabulary, grammatical knowledgeRead MoreReading Comprehension Strategy, Cause And Effect1904 Words   |  8 PagesThe purpose of this lesson is to introduce students to the reading comprehension strategy, cause and effect. The students will be able to develop a strong understanding of cause and effect by creating personal connections to their daily lives. The students will be able to connect the strategy, cause and effect, to the other elements of a story and strategies that we have worked with this year including character, plot, theme, setting, inferring, and compare and contrast. Common Core State Standards:Read MoreReading Note On Reading Comprehension1378 Words   |  6 PagesReading Fluency: Refers to the ability to decode words accurately, effortlessly, using correct volume, phrasing and appropriate intonation at a reasonably rapid rate. 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Comprehension skills must be expertly taught so that students explicitly taught so that students can understand information presented in the written form. Strategies help students stay engaged and think about what they are reading (LynchRead MoreReading Comprehension Is An Essential Skill For Reasoning And For Functioning Well922 Words   |  4 PagesReading comprehension is an essential skill for reasoning and for functioning well in everyday life. The SAT is a test that measures these skills and it is a crucial part of high school students to be admitted into post-secondary schools. A test of this magnitude combined with the increasing com petition in college admissions should have test scores increasing as each year passes, but instead, a reverse trend is occurring. The average reading scores have decreased in the last four decades, having

Components Incline Individuals Into Smoking-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Components Incline Individuals Into Smoking? Answer: Introduction As the young people and teenagers being much influenced, the rate of smoking in the UK has been on the expansion. Smoking is one of the main causes which are responsible for few medical issues like mouth, lungs and bladder growths. Hence, it is critical to have procedures set up which are gone for diminishing smoking of tobacco or other addictive substances. It is likewise imperative to embrace safe smoking propensities like indoor smoking with the goal that general society can't be influenced by tobacco. The medical issues related with tobacco smoking relying upon the smoking time frame, for instance, the individuals who begin smoking early are at a more serious hazard. A portion of the components that incline individuals into smoking incorporate duplicating their smoking guardians, peer weight and observing a few films (Johnson et al., 2016). In any case, if suitable measures are taken, the rate, and complete stop of smoking, can be accomplished. In consideration organize, a man st arts to pick up smoking while the readiness arranges includes the genuine smoking. In the activity organize, which can continue for quite a while, the individual smokes once a day lastly, in the support arrange, smoking turns into a propensity. Nicotine, a compound present in tobacco causes smoking reliance, which makes smokers to end up plainly dependent. Much of the time, the young people who may wish to quit smoking discover troubles due to habit. Despite the fact that a couple of individuals might know about the wellbeing impacts of nicotine, most of the youngsters don't know (Stellman, 2016). Tobacco smoking can help smokers to tackle individual issues by diminishing worry amid enthusiastic minutes. This paper goes for deciding the part of the administration, medical caretakers, and smokers in stopping tobacco smoking. Smoking which is extremely damaging to wellbeing and makes numerous medical issues the general population then additionally they are excessively dependent on smoking that in the event that they think to abandon it then likewise they are not ready to diminish the utilization. It is a compulsion and an individual propensity for the individual. Smoking influences the individual as well as it influences the general population who are around them (Pandey and Lin, 2013). The smoke goes in people in general and makes contrary impacts all absolutely real animals. That is the main reason smoking ought to be restricted in every single open territory. Individuals who smoke out in the open make a terrible case for the offspring of the general public. By observing this around them they effectively get impacted in their developing stages. Individuals take the activities which are winning around them. These days individuals surmise that it is the need to smoke in general society to show the standar dized livelihood. They believe that it builds their identity among the individuals like their state of mind. It changes and reinforce their conviction that they look impressive when they smoke on coming across many matured and grown-ups smoking in general society. The utilization of smoking material is just expanded and increases when they see other individuals doing similar activity (Bernard, 2008). Additionally it makes a propensity that in the event that one individual is eating tobacco or smoking it makes a propensity for other individual when they offer it to some other individual. Health promotion Accordingly, there is a need to do a health advancement exercises considering the numerous wellbeing and social issues that come about because of smoking. Wellbeing advancement can incorporate training for ceasing smoking propensities of the general population (Siu, 2015). It is, in any case, dismal that in some social classes smoking is regular than others. For example, this propensity is common among the general population with low wage rather than the rich. These records for the biggest number of passing from smoking-related contrary wellbeing results among the needy individuals. The Government The Government has a major part to play in the suspension of smoking in every country. A portion of the means include: lessening in second-hand presentation, raising the costs of tobacco to bring down reasonableness, managing the items related with tobacco, anticipation of tobacco advancement and expanding the mindfulness concerning the utilization of smoking related substances (Stellman, 2016).. More endeavors are focused towards decreasing smoking in pregnant ladies, grown-ups and helping the current smokers to stop. The neighborhood specialists sin England is subsequently urged to give their recommendations that can help in the lessening of this propensity For instance, 'Sound individuals, solid individuals' is a tobacco smoking control arrange for where the administration goes for accomplishing the entire end of smoking. There will be successful implementation of laws concerning which confines some age limits for offering tobacco (Hopkinson et al., 2016). For this situation, the accentuation is laid to the confined offer of tobacco to teenagers who may, thusly, gain medical issues that they live with even at maturity (Rowell et al., 2014). The legislatures guard the tobacco from the cases raised by tobacco enterprises with the goal that no deals can occur in seller machines (Hughes et al., 2014). Besides, there is no more show of smoking items in shops since this may hamper the endeavours of smokers who are experiencing discontinuance projects to be enticed to continue smoking. Give the essential assets to help smokers who need to stop smoking. The legislature additionally has set a high assessment on smoking item with the goal that t his builds the costs and makes it unreasonably expensive for some individuals. The administration made many tenets and laws to control the utilization of tobacco. In the event that the utilization of smoking is prohibited then it will make a more beneficial way of life and make a sheltered domain for each individual. Individuals will consider it as an administration underwriting to make a sound domain around the general population. The administration conveys the message that they think about the soundness of the subjects and they don't offer support to expend tobacco. It gives update that legislature is worried about the prosperity of the nationals. It reminds the general population to carry on with a sheltered and solid way of life (LaVasque, 2009). On the off chance that tobacco is prohibited out in the open territories and for utilization it will expand the way of life and utilization example of the general population who are dependent on tobacco. By not offering consent to individuals to smoke in broad daylight which urge individuals to smoke less openly. T he confinements which are forced on the utilization of tobacco by the legislature are conveying the life of individuals in positive way. It is giving them quality to diminish the utilization of tobacco and is improving the life example to the general population who are dependent on tobacco (Nixon, 2007).. This will diminish the utilization and individuals will smoke less. Like if the smoker is not permitted to smoke openly at a place where they eat or in parks where they sit then they need to hold up until the point that they backpedal to home. Many individuals need to stop smoking yet they are excessively dependent that they can't abandon it. They are over and over pulled in towards it.. The legislature is finding a way to stop the utilization of tobacco it is offering advantage to the general population who are dependent on tobacco and furthermore it is decreasing the recurrence of smoking. The law forces confinement to devour cigarettes in the general population region so by this the utilization design and the need to smoke out in the open is lessened in light of the fact that it is deserving of law. It is offering quality to individuals to leave the tobacco. The general population who are dependent stopped as a result of the burden of not smoking in people in general range will upgrade their life example and life structure of the family. By forbidding smoking openly government concentrates on the idea that tobacco is awful for the wellbeing and furthermore it causes numerous unsafe ailments (Hanauer and Slade, 2012). By this legislature is attempting to change the attitude of the general population who are dependent on tobacco. Tobacco likewise makes an impediment for nature. The parcels or the cigarettes buds are discarded out and about which cause the terrible condition and are undesirable for rest of the general population (Cheraghi Salvi, 2009). The majority of the buds of cigarette are littered everywhere lastly they are come to in streams and in the midsections of fishes. This additionally contaminates the water supply and is likewise unsafe for the life of amphibian creatures. The health of many individuals is in risk. By devouring the tobacco individuals are experiencing heart issues and furthermore numerous medical issues. The boycott will upgrade and kill the awful case which is winning in the earth (Rothman Keller, 2010). The boycott won't empower youngsters and kids and will give them better society and condition. By forcing confinements government is securing the inherent rights and is giving better and a solid life. It is giving consolation and feeling that yes the utilization of tobacco is not advantageous for them. The decide is additionally forced that the offering of half parcel of 10 cigarettes will be decreased. The lead is likewise forced on restricting the seasoned cigarettes that pulls in the adolescents and kids from the possess an aroma similar to it. There are additionally new laws and standards which are managing the measure of nicotine that cigarettes contain ought to be brought down. The confinement on cigarettes will offer consolatio n to limit the utilization of the cigarettes in their everyday life design. The law which is forced on tobacco is valuable for both the general public and for the general population who are dependent on it (Ling and Glantz, 2012). Role of a Nurse The nurses can be engaged by providing instruction to smokers on the most proficient method to and the advantages of stopping smoking propensities. The smokers instead of different counsels will probably believe the exhortation offered by the medical caretakers (Bialous et al., 2017). The objectives set for the smokers by the attendants should be sufficiently sensible during the time spent to stop smoking. Such achievable objectives are probably going to empower the smokers to work more trying to stop smoking. As a medical attendant, it is worth to acclaim and give positive comments at whatever point a smoker accomplishes a few objectives towards the way toward stopping smoking (Sarna et al., 2014). The medical attendant ought to request that the tobacco smokers go to programs like directing in the clinic applicable for them to quit smoking. On the off chance that a patient who is a tobacco smoke had been admitted to the healing centre, amid release, the attendant needs to offer less ons on smoking stopping. Schedules by smokers to stop smoking Smokers need to see a wellbeing master, say an enlisted nurture or a group wellbeing parental figure to educate them on the best strategies with respect to stopping smoking. For this situation, one can utilize the sans toll telephone utilities and get these administrations from their homes and is doesn't really need to go to the doctor's facility yet. Another route is for the smokers to enrol bolster from loved ones (Grana et al., 2014). As for instance, a smoker can request that partners remind them not to smoke tobacco, at whatever point they are enticed to smoke. Another route is to embrace a take-moderate technique whereby a smoker puts stop dates on a paper and buckles down towards stopping. In the event that this neglects to work, at that point a smoker can set up an arrangement which goes for chopping down the rate of tobacco smoking until the point that they at last quit smoking. Now and again, the smokers may discover challenges of stopping smoking because of habit. In any c ase, they have to remain teaches so they can dodge the anguish which catches tobacco smoking-related medical issues. Conclusion In the entire world, most medical issues are connected to tobacco smoking and being addict to it. This, accordingly, alarms for different plans to advance wellbeing by helping smokers to stop this propensity. These advancement designs should be received by the administration, the wellbeing parental figures and the group as a rule. The tobacco smokers who are accepting the advancement designs additionally need to place endeavours in embracing the progressions for their wellbeing. The administration should partake in these techniques and give assets and empower the earth to enhance the soundness of the powerless gatherings. References Bernard, A., (2008). Cadmium its adverse effects on human health.Indian Journal of Medical Research,128(4), p.557. Bialous, S.A., Sarna, L., Wells, M.J., Brook, J.K., Kralikova, E., Pankova, A., Zato?ski, W. and Przewozniak, K., (2017). Impact of Online Education on Nurses Delivery of Smoking Cessation Interventions With Implications for Evidence?Based Practice. Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing. Cheraghi, M. and Salvi, S., (2009). Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and respiratory health in children.European journal of pediatrics,168(8), pp.897-905. Grana, R.A., Popova, L. and Ling, P.M., (2014). A longitudinal analysis of electronic cigarette use and smoking cessation. JAMA internal medicine, 174(5), pp.812-813. Hanauer, P. and Slade, J., (2012). Looking through a keyhole at the tobacco industry: the Brown and Williamson documents.Jama,274(3), pp.219-224. Hopkinson, N.S., Millett, C., Glantz, S., Arnott, D. and McNeill, A., (2016). UK government should fund stop smoking media campaigns not give tax breaks to films with smoking imagery. Addiction, 111(11), pp.2066-2067. Hughes, J.R., Stead, L.F., Hartmann?Boyce, J., Cahill, K. and Lancaster, T., (2014). Antidepressants for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Library. Johnson, I., Lai, M., Bourne, L., Mirsky, J., Sama, S. and Rosiello, R., (2016). Does Electronic Cigarette (EC) Use Reduce Smoking Symptoms and Lead to Improved Activity in Patients Using Them for Tobacco Smoking Cessation?. CHEST Journal, 150(4_S), pp.1299A-1299A. LaVasque, M.E., (2009). Smoking, body weight, and their effects on smoking behavior: a comprehensive review of the literature.Psychological bulletin,106(2), p.204. Ling, P.M. and Glantz, S.A., (2012). Why and how the tobacco industry sells cigarettes to young adults: evidence from industry documents.American journal of public health,92(6), pp.908-916. Nixon, S.J., (2007). Smoking kills (alcoholics)! shouldn't we do something about it?.Alcohol and alcoholism,42(3), pp.167-173. Pandey, S. and Lin, Y., (2013). Adjusted effects of domestic violence, tobacco use, and indoor air pollution from use of solid fuel on child mortality.Maternal and child health journal, pp.1-9. Rothman, K. and Keller, A., (2010). The effect of joint exposure to alcohol and tobacco on risk of cancer of the mouth and pharynx.Journal of chronic diseases,25(12), pp.711-716. Rowell, A., Evans-Reeves, K. and Gilmore, A.B., (2014). Tobacco industry manipulation of data on and press coverage of the illicit tobacco trade in the UK. Tobacco control, 23(e1), pp.e35-e43. Sarna, L.P., Bialous, S.A., Kralikov, E., Kmetova, A., Felbrov, V., Kulovan, S., Mal, K., Roubickov, E., Wells, M.J. and Brook, J.K., (2014). Impact of a smoking cessation educational program on nurses interventions. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 46(5), pp.314-321. Siu, A.L., (2015). Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation StatementUSPSTF Recommendation Statement for Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation. Annals of internal medicine, 163(8), pp.622-634. Stellman, S.D., (2016). Commentary on Liu et al,Prevalence and patterns of tobacco smoking among Chinese adult men and women: findings of 2010 national smoking survey. Journal of epidemiology and community health, pp.jech-2016.